2. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Van\u00a0c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/a><\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau.\u00a0Ba ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng van ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m d\u1eebng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y, l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebft l\u01b0u (\u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n) v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u00f4ng quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i cho l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (ki\u1ec3m tra).<\/p>\r\n Van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\u00a0l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, kh\u00ed\u00a0trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.\u00a0Ch\u00fang c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.\u00a0C\u00e1c van kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u00a0C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i van bao g\u1ed3m c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a van.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \u00a0Van ON\/OFF<\/strong>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\u00a0Van m\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Van 1 chi\u1ec1u<\/strong>\u00a0v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \u00a0<\/strong>Van kh\u00f4ng quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m tra ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y. D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y theo h\u01b0\u1edbng mong mu\u1ed1n m\u1edf van, trong khi d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i bu\u1ed9c van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c van n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i.<\/p>\r\n Van\u00a0c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y<\/p><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u00ecn chung, c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y b\u1eb1ng van.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f3a di chuy\u1ec3n theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, ng\u0103n ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u0129a, thanh m\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u d\u1ebbo nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng b\u01a1m. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/strong>\u00a0chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u00a0quay xoay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u0129a ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh elip v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c g\u00f3c ho\u1eb7c tr\u00f2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7.\u00a0Van xoay qu\u00fd s\u1ebd \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u1edf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sau khi xoay 90 \u00b0 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n c\u00e2y.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f9y v\u00e0o k\u00edch c\u1ee1 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p gi\u00fap k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0o v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eafn v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0n, x\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1ed7. Ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc khi ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u th\u00e2n van.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Ca-p\u00f4 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n bao ph\u1ee7 mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n van. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a van \u00e1p l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi th\u00e2n van. Ca-p\u00f4 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a van nh\u01b0 ch\u00e2n van, \u0111\u0129a van v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Vi ch\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u0129a, \u0111\u1ebf van, ch\u00e2n van v\u00e0 tay van \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho ch\u00e2n van. Vi ch\u1ec9nh ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a van.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \u00a0<\/strong>\u0110\u0129a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf van cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n khi \u0111\u0129a van \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ebf van cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u0129a van \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn l\u1ea1i ng\u0103n d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y. Van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebf van t\u00f9y t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 van \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft c\u00f3 2 \u0111\u1ebf van; m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1eb7t h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1eb7t h\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ed1ng. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u0129a van th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n cho t\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\r\n Van\u00a0c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y<\/p><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Ch\u00e2n van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u0129a, n\u00fat x\u1ea3 hay l\u00e0 vi\u00ean bi m\u1edf ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f3ng van. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n v\u00e0 n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi van tay quay \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00e2n van \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u0129a theo chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng xoay \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1edf van. C\u00f3 5 lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng van t\u00f9y theo vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \u00a0\u2013 V\u00f2ng b\u00edt ch\u00e2n van \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u00f3a k\u00edn ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn gi\u1eefa ch\u00e2n van v\u00e0 ca-p\u00f4. V\u00f2ng b\u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u01b0: b\u00e1nh l\u0103n theo v\u00f2ng \u0111ai, v\u00f2ng \u0111ai, h\u1ed9p l\u00f3t, ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u v\u00f2ng b\u00edt hay \u0111\u1ebf van. V\u00f2ng b\u00edt r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ch\u00e2n van v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea5t kh\u00ed gas ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0u ch\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t d\u1ea1ng s\u1ee3i (nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Teflon ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n) gi\u00fap h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u00f3a k\u00edn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a van.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \u00a0\u2013 V\u1ea5u k\u1eb9p v\u00e0 n\u00fat v\u1ea5u k\u1eb9p th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u1ea5u k\u1eb9p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1eafc kh\u1ecfe \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c \u00e9p, c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 m\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n van.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \u00a0\u2013 B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng van b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng van v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u0129a van \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1edf van. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4-men xo\u1eafn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh van, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Van kh\u00ed n\u00e9n<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n van b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean pit-t\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0ng b\u01a1m c\u00f3 n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n van. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00ed l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t nhanh khi d\u00f9ng trong van ti\u1ebft l\u01b0u v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1edf van.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Van th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0c\u0169ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u00e1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf van, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 van h\u01a1i ch\u00ednh. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a l\u01b0u ch\u1ea5t, l\u1ef1c l\u00f2 xo gi\u1eef van \u0111\u00f3ng. L\u01b0u ch\u1ea5t \u0111i v\u00e0o bu\u1ed3ng ng\u0103n, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e1p l\u1ef1c. Khi l\u1ef1c \u00e9p l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u1ef1c l\u00f2 xo, pit-t\u00f4ng \u0111i l\u00ean v\u00e0 van m\u1edf ra. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng van l\u1ea1i, l\u01b0u ch\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y l\u1ef1c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5 th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u00ean pit-t\u00f4ng, b\u00ean c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ea3 kh\u00f4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh l\u01b0u ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ea3y qua \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u1edf van gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p, van an to\u00e0n, van ch\u1eb7n v\u00e0 van h\u01a1i. V\u00ec c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u01b0u ch\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng van n\u00e0y l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u01b0u ch\u1ea5t \u00edt nh\u1ea5t > 0,5KG\/cm2<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \u00a0B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau theo t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Do c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau, b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u1ee1 kh\u00e1c nhau cho m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i van c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c \u00e9p \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn k\u00ec ch\u1eadm v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\r\n N\u1ebfu b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef van \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3ng, kh\u00f3a s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebf van, g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt \u00e1p l\u1ef1c. N\u1ebfu b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn, s\u1ebd t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u00ec m\u00e1y h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y cao h\u01a1n, l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a van. B\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 an to\u00e0n nh\u01b0ng k\u00edch c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u0169ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t khi c\u1ea7n c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 an to\u00e0n \u0111i k\u00e8m.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\u00a0<\/strong>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 phi kim. Khi ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng (hay l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9), tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd (hay l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng) v\u00e0 l\u1edbp gi\u1eefa (hay l\u00e0 kh\u00ed gas ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng \u0103n m\u00f2n).<\/p>\r\n Ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u00e9p cacbon v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t cao, d\u1ec5 t\u00ecm v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t r\u1ebb, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1edbp gi\u1eefa \u0103n m\u00f2n. Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 c\u1ee9ng, ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5t \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t cao, nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eaft h\u01a1n th\u00e9p cacbon. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p kim \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao hay ch\u1ea5t \u0103n m\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \u00a0N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 cao, van l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c van c\u00f3 Cv cao h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t xu\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ga-l\u00f4ng (theo \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a M\u0129) tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u00fat khi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf 60\u00b0F ch\u1ea3y qua van c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edf c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t 1 psi. H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch c\u1ee1 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho ph\u00e9p van gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n, trong khi v\u1eabn gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a l\u01b0u ch\u1ea5t to\u00e0n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i van c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1, lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\r\n H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed gas, ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 h\u01a1i, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t qua van. Cv \u00a0\u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f3ng van t\u00f9y theo ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n V\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 kh\u00ed gas: L\u1edbp gi\u1eefa ch\u1ecbu n\u00e9n \u2013 \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed gas thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u00c1p su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 khi P2 > P1\/2 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao l\u00e0 khi P1 > P2\/2<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \u00c1p su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p: Cv= q\/ (16.05) \u221a(P12 \u2013 P22) \/ G * T<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \u00c1p su\u1ea5t cao: Cv= q\/ (13.61) \u221a(1) \/ G * T<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Cv= q\/Fp \u221a(G\/\u0394P)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n: Cv = m\/1.61 pi<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \u0110\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n: m\/(2.1 ( pi + po))<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n N\u1ebfu Cv \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf, van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd b\u1ecb nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u ch\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n trong van, khi\u1ebfn van t\u1ea1o b\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u.<\/p>\r\n N\u1ebfu Cv qu\u00e1 cao, van c\u0169ng s\u1ebd l\u1edbn, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh h\u01a1n. Cv l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi ti\u1ebft l\u01b0u v\u00ec d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi m\u1edf. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3a van c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c nhanh h\u01a1n c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra n\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ecdt, g\u00e3y ho\u1eb7c x\u00f3i m\u00f2n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. N\u00f3 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i van. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 khi van m\u1edf, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i qua van theo s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a chu k\u1ef3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng khi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ti\u1ebft l\u01b0u v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c d\u1ec5 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng khi ch\u1ecdn ki\u1ec3u van. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi l\u01b0u t\u1ed1c t\u1ed1i \u0111a t\u1edbi t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i van nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi 3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng van, \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 qua \u0111\u1ebf van v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c hay \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf g\u1ea7n kh\u00f3a van. H\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng van l\u00e0 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u00f9y theo thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a van, \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebf van qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn van ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebf van n\u00e2ng l\u00ean.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1edd h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a van. N\u1ebfu van kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c 5% chu k\u1ef3 th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft l\u00e0 20:1 (100% \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 5%). Khi \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft t\u0103ng l\u00ean, l\u01b0u t\u1ed1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1eb1ng van. Kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c r\u1eb1ng van ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0u t\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\r\n Van bi kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef V c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf m\u1ee9c 200:1, trong khi van c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 100:1. \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft c\u00e0ng cao th\u01b0\u1eddng cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p khi kh\u00f3a \u0111ang g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i t\u0103ng l\u00ean khi van m\u1edf ra.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n L\u01b0u t\u1ed1c<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n L\u01b0u t\u1ed1c b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t trong van.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n T\u00ednh to\u00e1n k\u00edch c\u1ee1 van<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb1ng sau vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n k\u00edch c\u1ee1 van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh van. Van c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 2 mi\u1ec7ng k\u00edch c\u1ee1 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do v\u00ec sao vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh k\u00edch c\u1ee1 van h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi van ti\u1ebft l\u01b0u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u1ea3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 van \u0111\u00f3ng\/ m\u1edf n\u1eefa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Qu\u00e1 c\u1ee1 van th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra h\u01a1n so v\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00eam c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u0129 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00f3 van qu\u00e1 c\u1ee1 d\u1ec5 x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u01a1n v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n van nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n K\u00edch c\u1ee1 van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin h\u01a1n tr\u00ean trang c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i van c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong b\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00eam ho\u1eb7c b\u1edbt \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda nh\u1edd ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Cv. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn c\u1ea7n \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh trong c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng (Fp). \u201cd\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh trong v\u00e0 \u201cD\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u00eam ho\u1eb7c b\u1edbt \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n Gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e2u d\u00e0i bao g\u1ed3m gi\u00e1 mua, c\u00f4ng l\u1eafp v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng, duy tr\u00ec, b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng. \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a van c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh v\u00ec van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady c\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n \u00edt c\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n C\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean van: C\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i van. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8n, c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc, ch\u00e2n van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00f4 d\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 ra van \u0111ang \u0111\u00f3ng hay m\u1edf v\u00e0 v\u1edbi van ti\u1ebft l\u01b0u th\u00ec c\u00f2n cho th\u1ea5y van \u0111ang m\u1edf \u1edf m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n \u00a0<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" 1. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\u00a0l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, kh\u00ed\u00a0trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.\u00a0Ch\u00fang c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.\u00a0C\u00e1c van kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ch\u1ee9c… Xem b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6253167,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2509],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6253166","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-van-cong-nghiep-3"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yp.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6253166","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yp.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yp.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yp.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yp.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6253166"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/yp.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6253166\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14289563,"href":"https:\/\/yp.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6253166\/revisions\/14289563"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yp.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/media\/6253167"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yp.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6253166"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yp.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6253166"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yp.vn\/KmOMlj66m\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6253166"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"Van](\"https:\/\/yp.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/11a.jpg\")
3. C\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
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4. C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
![\"van](\"https:\/\/yp.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/12a-1.jpg\")
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5. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
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K\u00edch c\u1ee1 b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
6. Ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
7. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
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8. H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
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\u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
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9. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a van c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
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